Chapter 9


Search engines work

 The term "search engine" is often used generically to describe both crawler-based search engines and human-powered directories. These two types of search engines gather their listings in radically different ways.

Crawler-Based Search Engines

     If you change your web pages, crawler-based search engines eventually find these changes, and that can affect how you are listed. Page titles, body copy and other elements all play a role.

Crawler-based search engines, such as Google, create their listings automatically. They "crawl" or "spider" the web, then people search through what they have found.

Human-Powered Directories

     A human-powered directory, such as the Open Directory, depends on humans for its listings. You submit a short description to the directory for your entire site, or editors write one for sites they review. A search looks for matches only in the descriptions submitted.

     Changing your web pages has no effect on your listing. Things that are useful for improving a listing with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free than a poor site.

"Hybrid Search Engines" Or Mixed Results

     In the web's early days, it used to be that a search engine either presented crawler-based results or human-powered listings. Today, it extremely common for both types of results to be presented. Usually, a hybrid search engine will favor one type of listings over another. For example, MSN Search is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart. However, it does also present crawler-based results (as provided by Inktomi), especially for more obscure queries.

The Parts Of A Crawler-Based Search Engine

     Crawler-based search engines have three major elements. First is the spider, also called the crawler. The spider visits a web page, reads it, and then follows links to other pages within the site. This is what it means when someone refers to a site being "spidered" or "crawled." The spider returns to the site on a regular basis, such as every month or two, to look for changes.

     Everything the spider finds goes into the second part of the search engine, the index. The index, sometimes called the catalog, is like a giant book containing a copy of every web page that the spider finds. If a web page changes, then this book is updated with new information.

     Sometimes it can take a while for new pages or changes that the spider finds to be added to the index. Thus, a web page may have been "spidered" but not yet "indexed." Until it is indexed -- added to the index -- it is not available to those searching with the search engine.

     Search engine software is the third part of a search engine. This is the program that sifts through the millions of pages recorded in the index to find matches to a search and rank them in order of what it believes is most relevant. You can learn more about how search engine software ranks web pages on the aptly-named How Search Engines Rank Web Pages page.

Major Search Engines: The Same, But Different

     All crawler-based search engines have the basic parts described above, but there are differences in how these parts are tuned. That is why the same search on different search engines often produces different results. Some of the significant differences between the major crawler-based search engines are summarized on the Search Engine Features Page. Information on this page has been drawn from the help pages of each search engine, along with knowledge gained from articles, reviews, books, independent research, tips from others and additional information received directly from the various search engines.

Five examples of search engines on the Internet

Freesearch  is a UK based search resource     http://www.freesearch.co.uk/

ABC Search engine - every search starts with ABC  http://www.abcsearchengine.com/




YouTube is for videos, but you knew that already  http://www.youtube.com/?noredirect=1

Galaxy is a directory based search engine   http://www.galaxy.com/


Definitions is good for thousands of definitions  http://www.definitions.net/

Chapter 8 Flooding in Thailand

  The flooding crisis which occurred in many provinces in Thailand at this time regarded as the worst flooding in decades. Now, The Flood reached
a critical level, causes damaged up to 30 provinces, more than 1.45 million people had been affected by flooding. They are lost their belongings, trapped in
their homes, homeless, lack of food and consumption goods, risk of dying from the disease. while many People are lost everything.

        For this situation, Many individuals and several agencies joint to donate money, food and consumption goods to help Flood victims as soon as possible. 

Chapter 6 Report and Citation

Contents

How To Write a Report
Executive Summary
Contents 
Introduction
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
Resouces On This Website

How To Write A Report

Reports consist of the following elements:

Order in Report	Order Written	Executive reads
Executive Summary	6	Always
Contents	7	N/A
Introduction	1 (Unless academic Report)	Sometimes
Findings (Main Body)	3	If interested in research
Conclusions	4	If surprised…
Recommendations	5	Nearly always
Bibliography / sources	2 Write as you research	If report shows area that needs further investigation
Appendices	Anytime you find extra info.	Rarely

1 Executive Summary

The executive summary should include a summary of all of the key points, the idea is that an executive can read the summary and if it appears logical and inline with expectations the recommendations can be followed without the need to read further.  This is in fact the most important part of the report and should be written last. The executive summary should include a summary of all parts of the report including recommendations. 
Writing Order: Written after the rest of the report (But before the contents page)
Email Tip:  If you are sending the report via email, include the executive summary in the main part of your Email, so that a busy executive doesn’t have to read an attachment to read the main points.

2 Contents

The Contents of the report should be consistently laid out throughout the report and you should include both page numbers and title numbers.  In this example we look at the transport requirements for sales people:

3 Introduction / Terms Of Reference

The introduction should say why the report is being written.  Reports are nearly always written to solve a business problem. Reports maybe commissioned because there is a crisis or they maybe routine.   Nearly all reports in some way answer the age-old business problem, how can we increase profits?
Writing Order: Often written first, but maybe refined at anytime. (In Business studies courses this could be done later, because the exact business problem may not be given by the lecturer.)

4 Findings / Main Body

Sometimes reports don’t say Findings, but it is normally assumed that the main part of your report will be the information you have found.  
This information is not always read by executives, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t important, because without thorough research and analysis the author will not be able to come to effective conclusions and create recommendations.  Also if anything in the executive summary surprises the executive, then they will turn directly to the relevant part of the recommendations. 
Writing Order: This is normally written after the 1st draft of the introduction.

5 Conclusions

The conclusions should summarize the Findings section, do not include diagrams or graphs in this area. This area should be short, clearly follow the order of the findings and lead naturally into the recommendations. 
You should never include new information in the conclusions!

Writing Order: Written after the Findings

6 Recommendations

All reports should include recommendations or at least suggestions. It is important to make sure that there is at least an indicator of what the Return on Investment would be.  It is always best if this can be directly linked, but may not always be possible.

Citation

                                     

 Begley, Sharon, et al. "Mapping the Brain." Newsweek 20 Apr. 1992: 66-70.

     Berger, Bob. "Mapping the Mindfields." Omni Jan. 1992: 56-58.

     Damasio, Antonio R. "Aphasia." The New England Journal of Medicine 326

(1992): 531-39.