Chapter 9


Search engines work

 The term "search engine" is often used generically to describe both crawler-based search engines and human-powered directories. These two types of search engines gather their listings in radically different ways.

Crawler-Based Search Engines

     If you change your web pages, crawler-based search engines eventually find these changes, and that can affect how you are listed. Page titles, body copy and other elements all play a role.

Crawler-based search engines, such as Google, create their listings automatically. They "crawl" or "spider" the web, then people search through what they have found.

Human-Powered Directories

     A human-powered directory, such as the Open Directory, depends on humans for its listings. You submit a short description to the directory for your entire site, or editors write one for sites they review. A search looks for matches only in the descriptions submitted.

     Changing your web pages has no effect on your listing. Things that are useful for improving a listing with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free than a poor site.

"Hybrid Search Engines" Or Mixed Results

     In the web's early days, it used to be that a search engine either presented crawler-based results or human-powered listings. Today, it extremely common for both types of results to be presented. Usually, a hybrid search engine will favor one type of listings over another. For example, MSN Search is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart. However, it does also present crawler-based results (as provided by Inktomi), especially for more obscure queries.

The Parts Of A Crawler-Based Search Engine

     Crawler-based search engines have three major elements. First is the spider, also called the crawler. The spider visits a web page, reads it, and then follows links to other pages within the site. This is what it means when someone refers to a site being "spidered" or "crawled." The spider returns to the site on a regular basis, such as every month or two, to look for changes.

     Everything the spider finds goes into the second part of the search engine, the index. The index, sometimes called the catalog, is like a giant book containing a copy of every web page that the spider finds. If a web page changes, then this book is updated with new information.

     Sometimes it can take a while for new pages or changes that the spider finds to be added to the index. Thus, a web page may have been "spidered" but not yet "indexed." Until it is indexed -- added to the index -- it is not available to those searching with the search engine.

     Search engine software is the third part of a search engine. This is the program that sifts through the millions of pages recorded in the index to find matches to a search and rank them in order of what it believes is most relevant. You can learn more about how search engine software ranks web pages on the aptly-named How Search Engines Rank Web Pages page.

Major Search Engines: The Same, But Different

     All crawler-based search engines have the basic parts described above, but there are differences in how these parts are tuned. That is why the same search on different search engines often produces different results. Some of the significant differences between the major crawler-based search engines are summarized on the Search Engine Features Page. Information on this page has been drawn from the help pages of each search engine, along with knowledge gained from articles, reviews, books, independent research, tips from others and additional information received directly from the various search engines.

Five examples of search engines on the Internet

Freesearch  is a UK based search resource     http://www.freesearch.co.uk/

ABC Search engine - every search starts with ABC  http://www.abcsearchengine.com/




YouTube is for videos, but you knew that already  http://www.youtube.com/?noredirect=1

Galaxy is a directory based search engine   http://www.galaxy.com/


Definitions is good for thousands of definitions  http://www.definitions.net/

Chapter 8 Flooding in Thailand

  The flooding crisis which occurred in many provinces in Thailand at this time regarded as the worst flooding in decades. Now, The Flood reached
a critical level, causes damaged up to 30 provinces, more than 1.45 million people had been affected by flooding. They are lost their belongings, trapped in
their homes, homeless, lack of food and consumption goods, risk of dying from the disease. while many People are lost everything.

        For this situation, Many individuals and several agencies joint to donate money, food and consumption goods to help Flood victims as soon as possible. 

Chapter 6 Report and Citation

Contents

How To Write a Report
Executive Summary
Contents 
Introduction
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
Resouces On This Website

How To Write A Report

Reports consist of the following elements:

Order in Report	Order Written	Executive reads
Executive Summary	6	Always
Contents	7	N/A
Introduction	1 (Unless academic Report)	Sometimes
Findings (Main Body)	3	If interested in research
Conclusions	4	If surprised…
Recommendations	5	Nearly always
Bibliography / sources	2 Write as you research	If report shows area that needs further investigation
Appendices	Anytime you find extra info.	Rarely

1 Executive Summary

The executive summary should include a summary of all of the key points, the idea is that an executive can read the summary and if it appears logical and inline with expectations the recommendations can be followed without the need to read further.  This is in fact the most important part of the report and should be written last. The executive summary should include a summary of all parts of the report including recommendations. 
Writing Order: Written after the rest of the report (But before the contents page)
Email Tip:  If you are sending the report via email, include the executive summary in the main part of your Email, so that a busy executive doesn’t have to read an attachment to read the main points.

2 Contents

The Contents of the report should be consistently laid out throughout the report and you should include both page numbers and title numbers.  In this example we look at the transport requirements for sales people:

3 Introduction / Terms Of Reference

The introduction should say why the report is being written.  Reports are nearly always written to solve a business problem. Reports maybe commissioned because there is a crisis or they maybe routine.   Nearly all reports in some way answer the age-old business problem, how can we increase profits?
Writing Order: Often written first, but maybe refined at anytime. (In Business studies courses this could be done later, because the exact business problem may not be given by the lecturer.)

4 Findings / Main Body

Sometimes reports don’t say Findings, but it is normally assumed that the main part of your report will be the information you have found.  
This information is not always read by executives, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t important, because without thorough research and analysis the author will not be able to come to effective conclusions and create recommendations.  Also if anything in the executive summary surprises the executive, then they will turn directly to the relevant part of the recommendations. 
Writing Order: This is normally written after the 1st draft of the introduction.

5 Conclusions

The conclusions should summarize the Findings section, do not include diagrams or graphs in this area. This area should be short, clearly follow the order of the findings and lead naturally into the recommendations. 
You should never include new information in the conclusions!

Writing Order: Written after the Findings

6 Recommendations

All reports should include recommendations or at least suggestions. It is important to make sure that there is at least an indicator of what the Return on Investment would be.  It is always best if this can be directly linked, but may not always be possible.

Citation

                                     

 Begley, Sharon, et al. "Mapping the Brain." Newsweek 20 Apr. 1992: 66-70.

     Berger, Bob. "Mapping the Mindfields." Omni Jan. 1992: 56-58.

     Damasio, Antonio R. "Aphasia." The New England Journal of Medicine 326

(1992): 531-39.

   

chapter 5

Color Him Dead (1963) [Novel]

                                               

                                          Chapter 4

                                  Reference Collection



               The  Reference Collection

     - ststistical sources

      - bibliographies

      - atlases

      - encyclopedias

      - dictionaries

      - almanacs

      - directories

 Chapter 3

Library of congress

     The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de factonational library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.

The Library of Congress was built by Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815.^[2][3] After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after theAmerican Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.

The Library's primary mission is researching inquiries made by members of Congress through the Congressional Research Service. Although it is open to the public, only Members of Congress, Supreme Court justices and other high-ranking government officials may check out books. As the de facto national library, the Library of Congress promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center,American Memory, Center for the Book and Poet Laureate.

Deway Decimal classification 

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is the world’s most widely used library classification system. The 23rd edition of the DDC enhances the efficiency and accuracy of your classification work in ways no previous editions have done.

You can use the DDC in several convenient formats. The four-volume print edition includes thousands of updates added to the system over the past seven years. The electronic version, WebDewey, enhances the print updates with online delivery that is updated continuously. And the Abridged Edition 14, also available in print and online, is a simplified version perfect for smaller collections. Whether you choose the print or electronic format (or both), DDC 23 makes it easier than ever to organize your library collections.

The DDC evolves continually to keep up with recorded knowledge. You can find news about DDC developments in several ways, including a semiannual DDC newsletter, DDC conferences and workshops, OCLC Newsletter articles and case studies.

The Library of Congress 

                                                              = http://catalog.loc.gov/

The British Library         

= http://www.bl.uk/

Thai National Library    

 = http://www.nlt.go.th/

Sripatum University Library 

= http://library.spu.ac.th/e-library/index4.html

Asean Community Website

 = http://www.asean.org/

chapter 2

  

Chapter 2

                                                              

 Subjective or objective

Dvaravati

Main article: Dvaravati

A 13 meter long reclining Buddha, Nakhon Ratchasima

The Chao Phraya valley in what is now Central Thailand had once been the home ofMon Dvaravati culture, which prevailed from the 7th century to the 10th century.^[1] The existence of the civilizations had long been forgotten by the Thai when Samuel Beal discovered the polity among the Chinese writings on Southeast Asia as “Tou-lo-po-ti”. During the early 20th century the archeologists led by George Coedès made grand excavations on what is now Nakorn Pathom and found it to be a center of Dvaravati culture. The constructed name Dvaravati was confirmed by a Sanskrit plate inscription containing the name “Dvaravati”.

    
                                            

Lavo

Main article: Lavo kingdom

Wat Phra Prang Sam Yod in Lopburi

Around the 10th century, the city-states of Dvaravati coalesced into two mandalas – the Lavo (modern Lopburi) and the Supannabhum (modern Suphanburi). According to a legend in the Northern Chronicles, in 903, a king of Tambralinga invaded and took Lavo and installed a Malay prince to the Lavo throne. The Malay prince was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath. The son of the couple contested for the Khmer throne and became Suryavarman I, thus bringing Lavo under Khmer domination through personal union. Suryavarman I also expanded into Isan, constructing many temples.

Suryavarman, however, had no male heirs and again Lavo was independent. KingAnawratha of Bagan invaded Lavo in 1057 and took a Lavo princess as his wife. The power of the Lavo kingdom reached the zenith in the reign of Narai (1072–1076). Lavo faced Burmese invasions under Kyanzittha, whose mother was the Lavo princess, in 1080 but was able to repel. After the death of Narai, however, Lavo was plunged into bloody civil war and the Khmer under Suryavarman II took advantage by invading Lavo and installing his son as the King of Lavo.

The repeated but discontinued Khmer domination eventually "Khmerized" Lavo. Lavo was transformed from a Theravadic Monic Dvaravati city into a Hindu Khmer one. Lavo became the entrepôt of Khmer culture and power of the Chao Phraya basin. The bas-relief at Angkor Wat showed a Lavo army as one of the subordinates to Angkor. However, one interesting note is that a Tai army was shown as a part of Lavo army, a century before the establishment of the Sukhothai kingdom.

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chapter 1

Chapter 1 

        Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom 

by Gene Bellinger, Durval Castro, Anthony Mills

There is probably no segment of activity in the world attracting as much attention at present as that

of knowledge management. Yet as I entered this arena of activity I quickly found there didn't seem

to be a wealth of sources that seemed to make sense in terms of defining what knowledge actually

was, and how was it differentiated from data, information, and wisdom. What follows is the current

level of understanding I have been able to piece together regarding data, information, knowledge,

and wisdom. I figured to understand one of them I had to understand all of them.

According to Russell Ackoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content

of the human mind can be classified into five categories:

1. Data: symbols

2. Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what",

"where", and "when" questions

3. Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions

4. Understanding: appreciation of "why"

5. Wisdom: evaluated understanding.

Ackoff indicates that the first four categories relate to the past; they deal with what has been or what

is known. Only the fifth category, wisdom, deals with the future because it incorporates vision and

design. With wisdom, people can create the future rather than just grasp the present and past. But

achieving wisdom isn't easy; people must move successively through the other categories.

A further elaboration of Ackoff's definitions follows:

Data... data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It

can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself. In computer parlance, a

spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data.

Information... information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection.

This "meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be. In computer parlance, a relational database

makes information from the data stored within it.

Knowledge... knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be

useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information (as lessaspiring test-bound students often do), then they have amassed knowledge. This knowledge has

useful meaning to them, but it does not provide for, in and of itself, an integration such as would

infer further knowledge. For example, elementary school children memorize, or amass knowledge

of, the "times table". They can tell you that "2 x 2 = 4" because they have amassed that knowledge

(it being included in the times table). But when asked what is "1267 x 300", they can not respond

correctly because that entry is not in their times table. To correctly answer such a question requires

a true cognitive and analytical ability that is only encompassed in the next level... understanding. In

computer parlance, most of the applications we use (modeling, simulation, etc.) exercise some type

of stored knowledge.

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